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## 6. Putting it all together

So far you've learnt all the basics necessary to build a simple game. You should understand how to create Pygame objects, how Pygame displays objects, how it handles events, and how you can use physics to introduce some motion into your game. Now I'll just show how you can take all those chunks of code and put them together into a working game. What we need first is to let the ball hit the sides of the screen, and for the bat to be able to hit the ball, otherwise there's not going to be much gameplay involved. We do this using Pygame's `collision` methods.

### 6.1. Let the ball hit sides

The basic principle behind making it bounce of the sides is easy to grasp. You grab the coordinates of the four corners of the ball, and check to see if they correspond with the x or y coordinate of the edge of the screen. So if the top right and top left corners both have a y coordinate of zero, you know that the ball is currently on the top edge of the screen. We do all this in the `update` function, after we've worked out the new position of the ball.

    if not self.area.contains(newpos):
          tl = not self.area.collidepoint(newpos.topleft)
          tr = not self.area.collidepoint(newpos.topright)
          bl = not self.area.collidepoint(newpos.bottomleft)
          br = not self.area.collidepoint(newpos.bottomright)
          if tr and tl or (br and bl):
                  angle = -angle
          if tl and bl:
                  self.offcourt(player=2)
          if tr and br:
                  self.offcourt(player=1)

    self.vector = (angle,z)

Here we check to see if the `area` contains the new position of the ball (it always should, so we needn't have an `else` clause, though in other circumstances you might want to consider it). We then check if the coordinates for the four corners are colliding with the area's edges, and create objects for each result. If they are, the objects will have a value of 1, or `True`. If they don't, then the value will be `None`, or `False`. We then see if it has hit the top or bottom, and if it has we change the ball's direction. Handily, using radians we can do this by simply reversing its positive/negative value. We also check to see if the ball has gone off the sides, and if it has we call the `offcourt` function. This, in my game, resets the ball, adds 1 point to the score of the player specified when calling the function, and displays the new score.

Finally, we recompile the vector based on the new angle. And that is it. The ball will now merrily bounce off the walls and go offcourt with good grace.

### 6.2. Let the ball hit bats

Making the ball hit the bats is very similar to making it hit the sides of the screen. We still use the collide method, but this time we check to see if the rectangles for the ball and either bat collide. In this code I've also put in some extra code to avoid various glitches. You'll find that you'll have to put all sorts of extra code in to avoid glitches and bugs, so it's good to get used to seeing it.

    else:
        # Deflate the rectangles so you can't catch a ball behind the bat
        player1.rect.inflate(-3, -3)
        player2.rect.inflate(-3, -3)

        # Do ball and bat collide?
        # Note I put in an odd rule that sets self.hit to 1 when they collide, and unsets it in the next
        # iteration. this is to stop odd ball behaviour where it finds a collision *inside* the
        # bat, the ball reverses, and is still inside the bat, so bounces around inside.
        # This way, the ball can always escape and bounce away cleanly
        if self.rect.colliderect(player1.rect) == 1 and not self.hit:
            angle = math.pi - angle
            self.hit = not self.hit
        elif self.rect.colliderect(player2.rect) == 1 and not self.hit:
            angle = math.pi - angle
            self.hit = not self.hit
        elif self.hit:
            self.hit = not self.hit
    self.vector = (angle,z)

We start this section with an `else` statement, because this carries on from the previous chunk of code to check if the ball hits the sides. It makes sense that if it doesn't hit the sides, it might hit a bat, so we carry on the conditional statement. The first glitch to fix is to shrink the players' rectangles by 3 pixels in both dimensions, to stop the bat catching a ball that goes behind them (if you imagine you just move the bat so that as the ball travels behind it, the rectangles overlap, and so normally the ball would then have been "hit" - this prevents that).

Next we check if the rectangles collide, with one more glitch fix. Notice that I've commented on these odd bits of code - it's always good to explain bits of code that are abnormal, both for others who look at your code, and so you understand it when you come back to it. The without the fix, the ball might hit a corner of the bat, change direction, and one frame later still find itself inside the bat. Then it would again think it has been hit, and change its direction. This can happen several times, making the ball's motion completely unrealistic. So we have a variable, `self.hit`, which we set to `True` when it has been hit, and `False` one frame later. When we check if the rectangles have collided, we also check if `self.hit` is `True`/`False`, to stop internal bouncing.

The important code here is pretty easy to understand. All rectangles have a `colliderect` function, into which you feed the rectangle of another object, which returns `True` if the rectangles do overlap, and `False` if not. If they do, we can change the direction by subtracting the current angle from `pi` (again, a handy trick you can do with radians, which will adjust the angle by 90 degrees and send it off in the right direction; you might find at this point that a thorough understanding of radians is in order!). Just to finish the glitch checking, we switch `self.hit` back to `False` if it's the frame after they were hit.

We also then recompile the vector. You would of course want to remove the same line in the previous chunk of code, so that you only do this once after the `if-else` conditional statement. And that's it! The combined code will now allow the ball to hit sides and bats.

### 6.3. The Finished product

The final product, with all the bits of code thrown together, as well as some other bits ofcode to glue it all together, will look like this:

    #
    # Tom's Pong
    # A simple pong game with realistic physics and AI
    # http://tomchance.org.uk/projects/pong
    #
    # Released under the GNU General Public License

    VERSION = "0.4"

    try:
        import sys
        import random
        import math
        import os
        import getopt
        import pygame
        from socket import *
        from pygame.locals import *
    except ImportError, err:
        print(f"couldn't load module. {err}")
        sys.exit(2)

    def load_png(name):
        """ Load image and return image object"""
        fullname = os.path.join("data", name)
        try:
            image = pygame.image.load(fullname)
            if image.get_alpha is None:
                image = image.convert()
            else:
                image = image.convert_alpha()
        except FileNotFoundError:
            print(f"Cannot load image: {fullname}")
            raise SystemExit
        return image, image.get_rect()

    class Ball(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
        """A ball that will move across the screen
        Returns: ball object
        Functions: update, calcnewpos
        Attributes: area, vector"""

        def __init__(self, (xy), vector):
            pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
            self.image, self.rect = load_png("ball.png")
            screen = pygame.display.get_surface()
            self.area = screen.get_rect()
            self.vector = vector
            self.hit = 0

        def update(self):
            newpos = self.calcnewpos(self.rect,self.vector)
            self.rect = newpos
            (angle,z) = self.vector

            if not self.area.contains(newpos):
                tl = not self.area.collidepoint(newpos.topleft)
                tr = not self.area.collidepoint(newpos.topright)
                bl = not self.area.collidepoint(newpos.bottomleft)
                br = not self.area.collidepoint(newpos.bottomright)
                if tr and tl or (br and bl):
                    angle = -angle
                if tl and bl:
                    #self.offcourt()
                    angle = math.pi - angle
                if tr and br:
                    angle = math.pi - angle
                    #self.offcourt()
            else:
                # Deflate the rectangles so you can't catch a ball behind the bat
                player1.rect.inflate(-3, -3)
                player2.rect.inflate(-3, -3)

                # Do ball and bat collide?
                # Note I put in an odd rule that sets self.hit to 1 when they collide, and unsets it in the next
                # iteration. this is to stop odd ball behaviour where it finds a collision *inside* the
                # bat, the ball reverses, and is still inside the bat, so bounces around inside.
                # This way, the ball can always escape and bounce away cleanly
                if self.rect.colliderect(player1.rect) == 1 and not self.hit:
                    angle = math.pi - angle
                    self.hit = not self.hit
                elif self.rect.colliderect(player2.rect) == 1 and not self.hit:
                    angle = math.pi - angle
                    self.hit = not self.hit
                elif self.hit:
                    self.hit = not self.hit
            self.vector = (angle,z)

        def calcnewpos(self,rect,vector):
            (angle,z) = vector
            (dx,dy) = (z*math.cos(angle),z*math.sin(angle))
            return rect.move(dx,dy)

    class Bat(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
        """Movable tennis 'bat' with which one hits the ball
        Returns: bat object
        Functions: reinit, update, moveup, movedown
        Attributes: which, speed"""

        def __init__(self, side):
            pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
            self.image, self.rect = load_png("bat.png")
            screen = pygame.display.get_surface()
            self.area = screen.get_rect()
            self.side = side
            self.speed = 10
            self.state = "still"
            self.reinit()

        def reinit(self):
            self.state = "still"
            self.movepos = [0,0]
            if self.side == "left":
                self.rect.midleft = self.area.midleft
            elif self.side == "right":
                self.rect.midright = self.area.midright

        def update(self):
            newpos = self.rect.move(self.movepos)
            if self.area.contains(newpos):
                self.rect = newpos
            pygame.event.pump()

        def moveup(self):
            self.movepos[1] = self.movepos[1] - (self.speed)
            self.state = "moveup"

        def movedown(self):
            self.movepos[1] = self.movepos[1] + (self.speed)
            self.state = "movedown"

    def main():
        # Initialise screen
        pygame.init()
        screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
        pygame.display.set_caption("Basic Pong")

        # Fill background
        background = pygame.Surface(screen.get_size())
        background = background.convert()
        background.fill((0, 0, 0))

        # Initialise players
        global player1
        global player2
        player1 = Bat("left")
        player2 = Bat("right")

        # Initialise ball
        speed = 13
        rand = ((0.1 * (random.randint(5,8))))
        ball = Ball((0,0),(0.47,speed))

        # Initialise sprites
        playersprites = pygame.sprite.RenderPlain((player1, player2))
        ballsprite = pygame.sprite.RenderPlain(ball)

        # Blit everything to the screen
        screen.blit(background, (0, 0))
        pygame.display.flip()

        # Initialise clock
        clock = pygame.time.Clock()

        # Event loop
        while True:
            # Make sure game doesn't run at more than 60 frames per second
            clock.tick(60)

            for event in pygame.event.get():
                if event.type == QUIT:
                    return
                elif event.type == KEYDOWN:
                    if event.key == K_a:
                        player1.moveup()
                    if event.key == K_z:
                        player1.movedown()
                    if event.key == K_UP:
                        player2.moveup()
                    if event.key == K_DOWN:
                        player2.movedown()
                elif event.type == KEYUP:
                    if event.key == K_a or event.key == K_z:
                        player1.movepos = [0,0]
                        player1.state = "still"
                    if event.key == K_UP or event.key == K_DOWN:
                        player2.movepos = [0,0]
                        player2.state = "still"

            screen.blit(background, ball.rect, ball.rect)
            screen.blit(background, player1.rect, player1.rect)
            screen.blit(background, player2.rect, player2.rect)
            ballsprite.update()
            playersprites.update()
            ballsprite.draw(screen)
            playersprites.draw(screen)
            pygame.display.flip()

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        main()

As well as showing you the final product, I'll point you back to TomPong, upon which all of this is based. Download it, have a look at the source code, and you'll see a full implementation of pong using all of the code you've seen in this tutorial, as well as lots of other code I've added in various versions, such as some extra physics for spinning, and various other bug and glitch fixes.

Oh, find TomPong at http://tomchance.org.uk/projects/pong.

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